Child online safety in the developing world

This page is a work in progress.

About the project

Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet and Society and UNICEF are in the beginning phases of a collaborative research project concerning the online safety risks to children in developing countries. The digital divide between developed and developing countries is narrowing, and while this brings many new opportunities and resources into the lives of young people, it also exposes new groups with less digital literacy to a range of cyber threats.

Many organizations are working to make information and communication technologies (ICT) available to children in developing countries to improve education and quality of life. While some of these groups acknowledge online safety as an issue that should be addressed in the future, this has not, as yet, been targeted as a priority. Because of basic resource constraints, the time and resources of the organizations are instead focused on increasing accessibility of ICT in these communities. We hope that this project will be an opportunity to provide the additional time and resources necessary to work towards solving the safety issues that have been identified but not yet addressed.

Literature review and findings

In June/July 2009, Berkman conducted a preliminary literature review of the existing body of research on these issues. This is a brief summary of some of our key finidngs; we hope to make a PDF version of the full text available soon.

Existing Research

There are few studies or recommendations specifically related to addressing technological safety issues for children in developing nations. Instead, we have approached the issue tangentially by looking to two main bodies of research: those related to technological safety for children in developed nations and those focusing on technological penetration and usage in developing nations. We have found a number of organizations, such as the ITU's Children and Youth Special Initiative, that have emphasized their commitment to ensuring a safe technological environment for children in the developing world, but have found only few organizations with education modules, policy recommendations, or explicit plans of action.

During our preliminary literature review, we found that studies in developed nations indicate that the biggest risks to children online are cyberbullying, exposure to inappropriate or illegal material, and sexual or other abuse either over the Internet or in-person.

Responses

There seem to be three main approaches to protecting children online: technological measures, parental supervision, and digital literacy education.

Technological measures

This category includes any kind of hardware- or software-based tool used to make the browsing experience more secure, such as content filtering, virtual sandboxes, and age/identity verification software. With these methods, it is important to consider issues like scope creep, over- and under-blocking of content, reliability of ID verification, and cost.

Parental/Adult supervision

Much of the literature and existing curriculum for online safety education focuses on the importance of parental involvement, advising parents and guardians how to protect their children. We must consider that Internet access points for children in the developing world are much more likely to be in a school or Internet cafe instead of the home, where parents are less likely present.

Self-protection

The third approach centers on educating children about how they can take steps protect themselves online. Most existing digital literacy curricula aimed at children are not sufficiently comprehensive. However, this approach is promising because it helps reduce the reliance on a third party for protection, and can be adaptable from one country to the next based on individualized situations and needs.

Emerging issues

The mobile market has taken off in developing countries, and there are many indications that mobile Internet is soon to follow. This is predicted to be the easiest, most accessible and cost-efficient way to provide Internet access in areas where the information environment is often underdeveloped because of a barriers like lack of infrastructure for fixed-line broadband, lack of accessible computers and electricity, competition, literacy requirements, regulations, and high costs. If the trend develops as expected, this could be a good opportunity to take actions to ensure children use this medium safely as many of them encounter it for the first time, encouraging the spread of best practices.

Further questions and action

This overall problem encompasses many more specific issues, and it will be important to take a multi-pronged approach. One of the next steps should be identifying the problems children in developing nations are facing and map these issues in the respective technological, social, and economic context; from there, we will be better equipped to develop tangible, accessible targeted solutions and resources. Drawing upon ideas from the ITU's Child Online Protection initiative, we will need to engage all levels of players: children, parents/educators, industry, and government.

How you can contribute

Because the body of formal academic research on these topics is fairly limited, the information we can gain from the thoughts, experiences and observations of individuals is going to be a critical part of this project. We've developed a list of questions that follow our line of inquiry to serve as a starting point for this process. You can access that list here and add your responses directly to the wiki page, or send your response to ldyson@cyber.law.harvard.edu. We encourage anyone who is interested to take a few moments to participate.

Additional resources

This section contains links to many of the articles, studies, initiatives and organizations that we referenced in our literature review. If you are aware of any additional sources or information - including academic research, education modules, initiatives, conferences, or firsthand reports - please add them below.

Articles and research

• "BBC Wap use flourishing in Africa", BBC News, August 15, 2006.
• Chigona, Kamkwenda and Manjoo "Uses and gratifications of mobile Internet among South African students", South African Journal of Information Management, 2008.
• Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review, International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children, 2006.
• First Youth Internet Safety Survey, Crimes Against Children Research Center, 2000.
• Internet Child Pornography and Young People in Dakar, International Development Research Centre, 2004.
• "Mobile Broadband connects the unconnected in Tanzania", Global Systems Mobile Alliance, 2008.
• Safeguarding Children in a Digital World, Becta, 2006.
• Safer Children in a Digital World, Byron Review, 2008.
• "Safer Internet: Test and benchmark of products and services to voluntarily filter Internet content for children between 6 and 16 years", Deloitte Enterprise Risk Service, 2008.
• Second Youth Internet Safety Survey, Crimes Against Children Research Center, 2006.
• "Technical Solutions: Implementation of filtering of child sexual abuse images in operator networks", GSMA/Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content, 2008.
• The Children's and Young Person's Global Online Charter Supplementary Document, International Youth Advisory Congress, 2008.
• UK Children Go Online, Economic & Social Research Council, 2005.
• Use of Information and Communication Technology by the World’s Children & Youth, International Telecommunications Union, 2008.
• Violence Against Children in Cyberspace, ECPAT, 2005.
• World Information Society Report, International Telecommunications Union, 2007.

Initiatives and policy guidelines

• Child and Youth Initiative, International Telecommunications Union, 2009.
• Guidelines on Child Online Protection (Draft), International Telecommunications Union, 2009.
• Internet Safety for Children Campaign, High Technology Crime Investigation Association, 2000-2005.
• New Zealand Model for Internet Safety Education
• The Children's and Young Person's Global Online Charter, International Youth Advisory Congress, 2008.
• World Summit on the Information Society, 2003 & 2005.

Organizations

• Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre
• Child Right Exploitation Network
• Childnet International
• ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography, and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes)
• Intel's World Ahead Program
• Internet Education and Resource Network (iEARN)
• Internet Governance Forum
• Navega Protegido en Internet
• One Laptop Per Child (OLPC)
• SchoolNet Africa
• Virtual Global Taskforce